QUOTE(Livyjr @ Jul 8 2005, 06:39 AM)
"Flood victims cope on holiday - Officials still trying to assess extent of damage from dam break and determine its cause"
By JORDAN CARLEO-EVANGELIST, Staff writer, Albany, New York Times Union
First published: Tuesday, July 5, 2005
FORT ANN -- For a woman who'd spent most of the last 48 hours unsure whether her summer home near Hadlock Pond had been smashed to pieces, to say Lisa Oriol was relieved to be able to fire up her grill with her family on the Fourth of July is an understatement.
The deluge unleashed when the brand-new Hadlock Pond dam crumbled Saturday surged toward her one-story home a quarter-mile southwest of what was Hadlock Pond, leaving a menacing, silty footprint just feet from Oriol's back door.
Town and state engineers also continued to investigate what caused the concrete and earth dam, which had just been completed in May, to give way and dump most of the 220-acre man-made lake on unsuspecting downstream residents.
Answers remained elusive.
"State dam safety program under scrutiny after break - Watchdogs and engineers question sufficiency of DEC agency's funding, staffing" By MATT PACENZA, Staff writer, Albany, New York Times Union
First published: Sunday, July 10, 2005
FORT ANN -- Raphael Colb watched Saturday night as the trickling stream that winds through his 35 acres became a shrieking river within 10 feet of his home.
After a newly built dam on Hadlock Pond burst that gorgeous summer evening, up to 1 billion gallons of water tore through his neighborhood.
"We have pieces of boats hanging from trees 30 feet up in the middle of the woods," Colb said.
"It changed the landscape completely."
"Thank God no one was hurt."
"Thank God I still have my home."One week after the Hadlock dam ruptured, sparing lives but destroying four homes and damaging a dozen others, engineers and state officials are trying to figure out what happened.
Interviews with dam experts and Hadlock Pond residents suggest the problem was a design flaw or construction problem in the face of the 450-foot-long, 35-foot-high earth embankment dam.
A weak spot became a fissure that sprung a leak and carved a hole, ultimately tearing a 65-foot-wide chasm in the face of the dam.
The origin of that problem may not be known for weeks or even months.
But watchdog groups and available data raise serious questions about insufficient resources at the dam safety unit of the Department of Environmental Conservation, the state agency charged with making sure thousands of dams in New York remain safe.By the numbers, New York does not have a robust dam safety program, according to a 2004 state-by-state comparison by the Association of Dam Safety Officials.
The DEC has five full-time members in its dam safety unit.
They are charged with keeping an eye on 5,021 dams statewide, a ratio of 947 dams for every employee.
The national average is 260 dams for every dam safety employee.
New York ranks 43rd out of 50 states by that measure.
It also spends less on dam safety than other states do.
The total budget of $746,000 works out to $149 for every dam in the state.
The national average is $318.
Those numbers provide a rough indicator of the quality of a state's program, said Meg Galloway, a safety engineer with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
"A well-funded, well-staffed dam safety program will be a safer program," said Galloway, president of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials.
Fragality beneath facadesA dam break conjures images of an old, crumbling structure.
In fact, new dams fail frequently.
Precise numbers aren't available, but construction or design flaws are among four principal causes of dam collapses, experts say, along with catastrophic weather, a structure's age and operator error, as when someone fails to open a spillway.
One of the most famous dam collapses in U.S. history happened when the new Teton Dam in Idaho failed just as its reservoir was being filled.
The 1976 incident killed 14 people and caused nearly $1 billion in damage.
"If there are weak links from design, construction, whatever, they often raise their heads early," said Marty McCann, director of the National Performance of Dams Program at Stanford University, which collects data on dam failures.
His data show dams are more likely to fail in the first five years than at any other point in their life span.
A dam was first built to create Hadlock Pond in 1897.
In 1978, the Army Corps of Engineers found the dam's spillway wasn't large enough to handle a major rainstorm.
Residents raised money to rebuild part of the dam and repair some of its features.
Over time, the area become more developed.
Today, more than 200 year-round and seasonal homes dot the shores.
In the mid-1990s, the DEC told residents and officials the agency had again determined the dam posed a safety problem in the event of a massive rainstorm.
In 2003, the town of Fort Ann entered into an agreement with the DEC to build a new dam.
The town hired a New Hampshire-based engineering firm, HTE Northeast Inc., to design the dam.
It was built by Kubricky Construction Corp. of Queensbury, a division of DA Collins, a Glens Falls construction and environmental services firm that built the Twin Bridges on the Northway.Work on the new structure began in September, after contractors slowly drained the lake and tore down the old dam.
The job was halted during the winter's coldest months and was completed in May.
The pond then slowly filled with rainwater until it reached capacity about three weeks before the collapse.
Representatives of HTE and DA Collins did not return phone calls seeking comment on their work at Hadlock Pond.
Fort Ann officials also did not respond to inquiries about the process by which those companies received the contracts to build and design the dam.Anatomy of a break One thing is sure: The collapse of the dam was not caused by the weather.
The day it broke, the sun was out.
Just 0.54 inches of rain fell the day before, according to the nearby National Weather Service station in Glens Falls.
Lakeside residents say the water was not rising in the days before the rupture, as it sometimes did after periods of heavy rain.
Dams are designed to handle catastrophic storms.
The first safety valve is the dam's spillway, a chute typically made of concrete at a lake's lip that drains off excess water.
Some dams have more than one.
When heavy rains fall and hillside streams pour into a lake, raising water levels, the volume of water pouring through the spillway will increase.
If the spillway maxes out and water levels keep rising, some dams have another safety feature, called fuse plugs.
Fuse plugs are a type of secondary spillway, points in the dam that are designed to fail in a controlled fashion to release rising water if the spillway can't handle it all.
The Hadlock Pond dam had two 50-foot, earthen fuse plugs, which town officials have said opened during the dam's collapse.
Fuse plug failures have been the cause of other new dam collapses, most notably in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, where a renovated dam on the Silver Lake Basin burst in May 2003, destroying 20 homes and doing more than $100 million in damage.In the days before that collapse, upper Michigan had been hit by heavy rains.
The lack of similar high waters in Fort Ann is why Bob Pettersen -- president of the Lake Hadlock Association, which has about 130 homeowner members -- doubts the fuse plugs caused the dam's collapse.
The plugs were above the pond's water level, so they wouldn't have been under pressure before the break.
"We didn't even have water pouring out of the spillway," Pettersen said.
"Every time I hear that it was the fuse plugs, that makes no sense to me."
This suggests the dam probably failed at some point below the water level, below the spillway, on the structure's earthen face.
One likely scenario is that once the dam was filled, the pressure of hundreds of millions of gallons found a weak point.
Water would have begun to seep and spread throughout the dam -- a process called piping -- creating a fissure that expanded."When the flow of water is sufficient to begin moving material, all of a sudden you'll have a hole in the embankment," McCann said.
"As that continues, the embankment will begin to collapse."
"It's a very, very common problem in the context of dams that have failed."
Anecdotal evidence suggests the dam was leaking the morning of the collapse, which would support the piping hypothesis.
"My wife came to me Saturday morning and said, 'They're drawing the water down,' " recalled Terry Potter, a lakeside resident and treasurer of the lake association.
"She said the line on our dock was down a little bit from normal."
The DEC has brought in an outside consultant to aid in its probe.
Investigators will examine the parts of the dam that remain and those that washed downstream, some miles away.
They'll also review the project's design and construction documents.
"In a fairly large construction project, everything is fair game," said Galloway.
DEC officials have said they're looking into the possibility the collapse may be linked to a minor geological fault in the area.
Pettersen doubts that explanation -- a purportedly flawed dam had survived on that fault for more than 100 years, after all.
"When you have a problem, you ask yourself 'What changed?' " he said.
"What changed was we had a new dam."Dam safety program faulted Sharp criticism of the DEC comes from the watchdog group Environmental Advocates of New York, which is amid a study of the agency's dam safety program.
The agency doesn't do enough inspections, said Rob Moore, the group's executive director.
"They are unable to get around to the vast majority of the dams in the state that are regulated."
The group says the DEC has inspected only an average of 250 dams a year between 2002 and 2004, based upon documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Law request.
That means just 15 percent of all dams statewide have even been looked at in the past three years.
DEC could not confirm that figure.
Its records show an average of 415 dam inspections per year over the past five years.
But some of those dams -- like Hadlock Pond -- were looked at more than once, explaining the discrepancy between the numbers.
State inspections are important not only to spot problems in existing dams but to review projects before and during construction, Galloway said.
"They may notice materials that aren't up to spec," she said.
"They're a pair of new eyes and may see something that the person who is there day to day isn't noticing because it has become so routine."
A DEC staff member visited Hadlock Pond four times during construction, according to the agency.
The last trip was in April.
The agency did not visit the site after the dam was completed.
State legislators have pushed the DEC about whether it has enough employees to handle all of the agency's responsibilities.
"When you look at the staffing levels, they're obviously significantly down," said Tom DiNapoli, D-Long Island, chairman of the Assembly's Environmental Conservation Committee.
According to Environmental Advocates, DEC has approximately 700 fewer full-time employees today than it did in the early 1990s, when it had slightly more than 4,000.
Over that same period, the number of staff in the dam safety unit has dropped from seven to five, according to the DEC.
Every state agency has taken a hit during difficult budget times, DiNapoli pointed out.
But he does not believe DEC leaders, whom he questions during budget hearings, are willing to acknowledge that some of their work -- like dam safety oversight -- has suffered.
"Hopefully something like a dam collapse will get them to pay attention to some areas where they have staffing needs," DiNapoli said.
Locals are most interested in the question of who will help them now.
Who will repair their roads, clean up their land, replace or fix their homes and rebuild their dam?
Nearly all eyes are on the state, especially the DEC.
Residents hope the state steps up to make good for those who lost so much.
"New York state was mandating the dam be rebuilt."
"New York state was overseeing the dam's construction," Pettersen said.
"Now New York state needs to come in and help these people." Matt Pacenza can be reached at 454-5533 or by e-mail at mpacenza@timesunion.com.