http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HI16Aa03.html FIGHTING FORCES
Coaxing the unwilling
By Nick Turse
US military recruiting in 2006 has been marked by upbeat pronouncements from Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, claims of success by the White House, propaganda releases by the Pentagon, and a spate of recent press reports touting the way the military has made its wo/manpower goals.
But the US armed forces have only met with success through a fundamental "transformation", and not the transformation of the military - that "co-evolution of concepts, processes, organizations and technology" - Rumsfeld is always talking about, either.
While the secretary of defense's long-standing goal of transforming the planet's most powerful military into its highest-tech, most agile, most futuristic fighting force has, in the words of the Washington Post's David Von Drehle, "melted away", the very makeup of the armed forces has been mutating before our collective eyes under the pressure of the war in Iraq. This actual transformation has been reported, but only in scattered articles on the new recruitment landscape in the United States.
Last year, despite NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing), professional bull-riding and Arena Football sponsorships; popular video games that doubled as recruiting tools; television commercials dripping with seductive scenes of military glory; a "joint marketing communications and market research and studies" program actively engaged in measures to target for military service Hispanics, dropouts and those with criminal records; and at least US$16,000 in promotional costs for each soldier it managed to sign up, the US military failed to meet its recruiting goals.
This year, those methods have been pumped up and taken over the top in 12 critical areas of recruitment that make the old army ad-line "Be all that you can be" into material for late-night TV punch lines of the future.
1. Hard sell
When not trolling for potential soldiers via video games, websites or, most recently, the social-networking site MySpace.com and text messaging, the armed forces employ recruiters who use old-fashioned hard-sell tactics to cajole impressionable teens into enlisting.
Recently, one New Jersey mother told her local newspaper about the army's persistence in targeting her 17-year-old daughter. When the mother finally asked the army to stop calling her child, the recruiter argued vigorously against it. The mother, who otherwise praised the military, was nonetheless aghast at the recruiter's tactics. "That's what frightened and enraged me - this military person telling me that I have no rights over my child," she said.
Teens are also subject to military advertising and high-pressure tactics at school. The Boston Globe recently wrote that recruiters were now setting up booths in "cafeterias in high schools across the nation", while the State Journal-Register of Springfield, Illinois, reported that local recruiters were "visiting each school about every three to four weeks". At one school, administrators were forced to "clamp down on aggressive recruiters" and bar at least one from ever returning to campus.
2. Green to gray
The US military has always filled its rolls primarily by targeting the young, but these days the "old" are in its sights, too. In 2005, the Army Reserves increased their maximum enlistment age from 35 to 40; then, later that year, to 42. This year, regular-army green went grayer as well with a similar two-step increase that boosted active-duty enlistment eligibility to 42 years.
3. Back-door draft
Another group of old-timers has recently been targeted by the military: the Marine Corps Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) - troops who have left active-duty status and transitioned back into civilian life.
In August, the marines announced that they would begin making up for a shortage of volunteers by "dipping into [this] rarely used pool of troops to fill growing personnel gaps in units scheduled to deploy in coming months". As the Boston Globe noted, it was "the first time since the invasion of Iraq three years ago that marine commanders have taken the extraordinary step of drafting back into uniform those who have left the ranks".
For its part, the army, according to the Washington Post, "has used its IRR several times since the September 11, 2001, attacks. It has mobilized about 5,000 soldiers from that pool over the past five years, most of them since the middle of 2004." CBS News reports that, from the Army Reserve, "approximately 14,000 soldiers on IRR status have been called to active duty since March 2003 and about 7,300 have been deployed to Iraq".
4. Rubber-stamp promotions
This year the US Army admitted that to maintain desperately needed numbers, it was forgoing almost any measure of quality when it came to its officer corps.
According to 2005 Pentagon figures, 97% of all eligible captains were promoted to major - a significant jump from the already historically high average of 70-80%.
"The problem here is that you're not knocking off the bottom 20%," one high-ranking army officer at the Pentagon told the Los Angeles Times. "Basically, if you haven't been court-martialed, you're going to be promoted to major."
Despite near-guaranteed promotions, the San Antonio Express-News reported that the "army expects to be short 2,500 captains and majors this year, with the number rising to 3,300 in 2007".
5. Foreign legion
In July, testifying before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness David S C Chu listed a series of inducements currently offered to get foreigners to risk life and limb for Uncle Sam. These included "President [George W] Bush's executive order allowing non-citizens to apply for citizenship after only one day of active-duty military service", a streamlined application process for service members, and the elimination of "all application fees for non-citizens in the military".
While noting that about 40,000 non-citizens were already serving in the US armed forces, Chu offered his own solution to the immigration crisis. With the services denied the possibility of a draft, he made a pitch for creating a true foreign legion from a group "potentially interested in military service", the "estimated 50,000-65,000 undocumented alien young adults who entered the US at an early age". Chu then talked up such legislation as the DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) Act - which would give illegal aliens the opportunity, among other options, to join the military as a vehicle to conditional permanent-resident status.
In addition to proposing a possible source of undocumented cannon fodder that might prove less disturbing to Americans than their own sons and daughters, Chu noted that the "military also has initiated several new programs, including opportunities for those with language skills, which may hold particular appeal for non-citizens".
Just in case non-citizens aren't thrilled to the depths by the chance to serve with the occupation forces in Iraq, the army promises expedited citizenship, quick advancement and a host of other perks - including a boatload of cash. In addition to "foreign-language-proficiency pay while on active duty", those willing to sell their "Middle Eastern-language skills and join the US Army as a translator aide ... in Iraq and Afghanistan" will receive an enlistment bonus of $10,000 - a sizable sum given yearly per capita incomes in those countries that hover in the $800-$2,000 range.
6. Mercenary military
To solve its wo/manpower woes, the US military has also enhanced its lure at home, in the form of "more recruiters and more financial incentives". In some cases, this can mean enlistment bonuses as high as $40,000 for those documented but poor Americans looking to put themselves directly in harm's way for three years as an army infantryman or explosive-ordnance disposal specialist - markedly more than 2005 per capita yearly income for black Americans ($16,874), Hispanics ($14,483) and even non-Hispanic whites ($28,946).
According to a recent Associated Press report, the army is doling out yet more fistfuls of taxpayer dollars to entice troops to reenlist - "an average bonus of $14,000, to eligible soldiers, for a total of $610 million in extra payments".
Marine re-enlistees seem to rake in the biggest bucks of all. This July, Major Jerry Morgan, who runs the Selective Re-enlistment Bonus Program, told Stars and Stripes that "the maximum bonus has been raised ... to $60,000 for marines" serving in five critical military occupational specialties.
Add to these sums promised benefits of up to $71,424 and $23,292, for active duty and reserve personnel respectively, to "help pay for college" and you've got a potentially life-changing bribe, provided you still have a life when that college acceptance finally comes through.
7. Abuse of power
More recruiters waving more money has its pitfalls. Last year, amid a swirl of complaints as recruiters struggled to meet monthly goals (including tips to potential enlistees on how to pass drug tests), the US Army suspended all recruiting activities for a one-day nationwide "stand down" to re-examine its methods and retrain its men.
Just last month, however, the Government Accountability Office issued a report showing that "between fiscal years 2004 and 2005, allegations and service-identified incidents of recruiter wrongdoing increased, collectively, from 4,400 cases to 6,500 cases; substantiated cases increased from just over 400 to almost 630 cases; and criminal violations more than doubled from just over 30 to almost 70 cases".
What also came to light last month, courtesy of the Associated Press, was this revelation: "More than 100 young women who expressed an interest in joining the military in the past year were preyed upon sexually by their recruiters." According to one of the victim's lawyers, a recruiter "said to her, outright, if you want to join the marines, you have to have sex with me. She was a virgin. She was 17 years old." Another teenage victim spelled out the situation quite clearly: "The recruiter had all the power. He had the uniform. He had my future. I trusted him."
8. Civilian headhunters
Not surprisingly, given tough times and an administration that never saw anything it couldn't imagine privatizing, the private headhunter has landed on the military recruitment landscape. According to Renae Merle of the Washington Post, as part of a pilot program that began in 2002, two Virginia-based companies, Serco and MPRI Inc, "have more than 400 recruiters assigned across the country, and have signed up more than 15,000 soldiers. They are paid about $5,700 per recruit."
While these companies rake in the recruitment money, the mercenary recruiters themselves reap cash bonuses, free gasoline cards and suede jackets. They can augment their base salary by about $30,000 a year by successfully shuttling large numbers of aimless kids and others into the armed forces.
As has been true with the military's use of private contractors in all sorts of roles in recent years, this step has drawn ire. Congresswoman Janice Schakowsky said, "The use of contractors for this sensitive purpose, dealing with the lives of young people, is troublesome." She was particularly worried by the lack of oversight.
Quality control has been another issue. While an army report recommended continuing the $170 million program, it also noted that the civilian headhunters "enlisted a lower quality of recruit".
Yet the army's less-than-complimentary assessment of the private sector's performance didn't sway its officials from announcing last month that they had awarded MPRI "a firm-fixed price requirements-type contract for $11,196,996 as the base-period portion of an estimated $34,272,571 contract (if all options are exercised) for recruiting services to ... be performed at any of the army's 1,700 recruiting stations nationwide".
9. How low can you go?
Lowered standards have hardly remained the property of privateers these days. Brad Knickerbocker of the Christian Science Monitor noted, "The army has had to recruit more soldiers from the 'lowest acceptable' category based on test scores, education levels, personal background and other indicators of ability."
Even Chu admitted in July that almost 40% of all military recruits scored in the bottom half of the armed forces' own aptitude test.
Other how-low-can-you-go indicators of the US military's desperation are now regularly surfacing in news reports. Here are two examples:
Last year, the New York Times reported that two Ohio recruiters were quick to sign up a recruit "fresh from a three-week commitment in a psychiatric ward ... even after the man's parents told them he had bipolar disorder - a diagnosis that would disqualify him". After senior officers found out, the mentally ill man's enlistment was canceled, but in "interviews with more than two dozen recruiters in 10 states", the Times heard others talk of "concealing mental-health histories and police records", among other illicit practices.
This May, The Oregonian reported that army recruiters, using hard-sell tactics and offering thousands of dollars in enlistment bonus money, signed up an autistic teenager "for the army's most dangerous job: cavalry scout". The boy, who had been enrolled in "special-education classes since preschool" and through "a special program for disabled workers ... had a part-time job scrubbing toilets and dumping trash", didn't even know the US was at war in Iraq until his parents explained it to him after he was first approached by a recruiter. Only after a flurry of negative publicity did the army announce that it would release the autistic teen from his enlistment obligation.
10. Armed and considered dangerous
In 2004, the Pentagon instituted a "Moral Waiver Study" whose seemingly benign goal was "to better define relationships between pre-service behaviors and subsequent service success". That turned out to mean opening the recruitment doors to potential enlistees with criminal records.
In February, the Baltimore Sun wrote that there was "a significant increase in the number of recruits with what the army terms 'serious criminal misconduct' in their background" - a category that included "aggravated assault, robbery, vehicular manslaughter, receiving stolen property and making terrorist threats". From 2004 to 2005, the number of those recruits had spiked by more than 54%, while alcohol and illegal-drug waivers, reversing a four-year downward trend, increased by more than 13%.
In June, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that under pressure to fill the ranks, the US Army had been allowing in increasing numbers of "recruits convicted of misdemeanor crimes, according to experts and military records". In fact, as the military's own data indicated, "The percentage of recruits entering the army with waivers for misdemeanors and medical problems has more than doubled since 2001."
One beneficiary of the army's new moral-waiver policies gained a certain prominence this summer. After Steven D Green, who served in the army's 101st Airborne Division, was charged in a rape and quadruple murder in Mahmudiyah, Iraq, it was disclosed that he had been "a high-school dropout from a broken home who enlisted to get some direction in his life, yet was sent home early because of an 'antisocial personality disorder'".
Recently, Eli Flyer, a former Pentagon senior military analyst and specialist on "the relationship between military recruiting and military misconduct", told Harper's magazine that Green had actually "enlisted with a moral waiver for at least two drug- or alcohol-related offenses. He committed a third alcohol-related offense just before enlistment, which led to jail time, though this offense may not have been known to the army when he enlisted."
With Green in jail awaiting trial, the Houston Chronicle reported last month that army recruiters were trolling around the outskirts of a Dallas-area job fair for ex-convicts. "We're looking for high-school graduates with no more than one felony on their record," one recruiter said.
The army has even looked behind prison bars for fill-in recruits - in one reported case, a "youth prison" in Ogden, Utah. Although Steven Price had asked to see a recruiter while still incarcerated and was "barely 17 when he enlisted last January", his divorced parents say "recruiters used false promises and forged documents to enlist him". While confusion exists about whether the boy's mother actually signed a parental consent form allowing her son to enlist, his "father apparently wasn't even at the signing, but his name is on the form too".
11. Gang warfare
According to the Chicago Sun-Times, law-enforcement officials report that the military is now "allowing more applicants with gang tattoos because they are under the gun to keep enlistment up". They also note that "gang activity may be rising among soldiers". The paper was provided with "photos of military buildings and equipment in Iraq that were vandalized with graffiti of gangs based in Chicago, Los Angeles and other cities".
Last month, the Sun-Times reported that a gang member facing federal charges of murder and robbery enlisted in the Marine Corps "while he was free on bond - and was preparing to ship out to boot camp when marine officials recently discovered he was under indictment".
While this particular recruit was eventually booted from the corps, a Milwaukee police detective and army veteran, who serves on the federal drug and gang task force that arrested the would-be marine, noted that other "gang-bangers are going over to Iraq and sending weapons back ... gang members are getting access to military training and weapons".
It was reported this year that an expected transfer of 10,000-20,000 troops to Fort Bliss, Texas, caused the Federal Bureau of Instigation and local law enforcement to fear "a turf war" between "members of the Folk Nation gang ... and a criminal group that is already well established in the area, Barrio Azteca". The New York Sun wrote that according to one FBI agent, "Folk Nation, which was founded in Chicago and includes several branches using the name Gangster Disciples, has gained a foothold in the army."
12. Trading desert camo for white sheets
Another type of "gang" member has also begun to proliferate within the military, evidently thanks to lowered recruitment standards and an increasing urge by recruiters to look the other way.
In July, a study by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks racist and right-wing militia groups, found that - because of pressing manpower concerns - "large numbers of neo-Nazis and skinhead extremists" are now serving the US military.
"Recruiters are knowingly allowing neo-Nazis and white supremacists to join the armed forces, and commanders don't remove them from the military even after we positively identify them as extremists or gang members," said Scott Barfield, a Defense Department investigator quoted in the report.
The New York Times noted that the neo-Nazi magazine Resistance is actually recruiting for the US military "urging skinheads to join the army and insist on being assigned to light-infantry units". The magazine explained, "The coming race war and the ethnic cleansing to follow will be very much an infantryman's war ... It will be house-to-house ... until your town or city is cleared and the alien races are driven into the countryside where they can be hunted down and 'cleansed'."
Apparently, the recruiting push has worked. Barfield reported that he and other investigators had identified a network of neo-Nazi active-duty army and marine personnel spread across five military installations in five states. "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military." Little wonder that "Aryan Nations graffiti" is now apparently competing for space among US inner-city gang graffiti in Iraq.
Force transformation
When the US war in Vietnam finally ground to a halt, the US military was in a state of disarray, if not near-disintegration. Uniformed leaders vowed never again to allow the military to be degraded to such a point.
A generation later, as the ever less appetizing-looking wars in Iraq and Afghanistan spiral on without end, an overstretched US Army and Marine Corps have clearly become desperate. At a remarkable cost in dollars, effort and lowered standards, recruiting and retention numbers are being maintained for now.
The result: US ground forces are increasingly made up of a motley mix of under-age teens, old-timers, foreign fighters, gang-bangers, neo-Nazis, ex-cons, inferior officers and a host of near-mercenary troops, lured in or kept in uniform through big payouts and promises.
In the latter half of the Vietnam War, as the brea